iHistory yexesha saklaw niyihistry abantu bezimpilo. Ekusukela ekuseni sundial-lar ekuMhla wamaKhaya kuya kuatomic iwotshi ekubala iXesha Elinxulumene neLoliwe, ingxaki nganye ekubala ixesha iyavulela iintlungu zokwazi — navigation, ikommunikesyon, isayensi, kunye ngoku ikomos-explore.
ancient imibaliwe saklaw
ekuseni ixesha ubaliwe-isisikhumbuzo astronomy-amavis. ancient egyptian-lar isebenzise obelisk-lar sundial salmak okwema 3500 BCE, ibekela iLanga ushadow ayenzi daylight-sa iiwotshi. iwater iwotshi-lar (clepsydra-lar) ebonelela ixesha-saklaw ngemva komyama kunye icloud iintsuku, irecord-lar dating 1500 BCE egypt kunye ichaina.
iLoliwe yayiyoxolo-kuqala ikhalehnda. isizwe "umhla" ibuza "iLoliwe," kunye nelunarny ikhalehnda-lar isebenziswe ibabylonya, ichinela, ihebrew, kunye ieslaamic icivilisation-lar. isinder iumenh 29.53 iintsuku ibonelela isikholo sesicelo-ukulandelela iplaying isason-lar, religious observance-lar, kunye netidal pattern-lar.
imechanical iwotshi-lar kunye neLongitude problem
invention imechanical iwotshi-lar kwi-13-century europe-ta ithandeke society. ichurch ibell-lar, iregulate escapement imechanisme-lar, istandardize idaily ischedule-lar community-lar. loku ke early iwotshi-lar ayayefaneli-okwema 15 imuntwini per iintsuku.
great imibaliwe saklaw challenge kwi-18-century ayiyolongitude problem. ekusimayini, isikhundla ebaliwe latitude-ntla ezizinge, loku longitude ifunela ukuazi inzalo-ngoku ekikhaya. kwi-1761, ijohn iharrison isukaane chronometer h4 ibaliwe iequactness okwema 5 isigcina per iintsuku — azanele ukuzilela longitude kumuntu iinautical imile. leyo inqabuza iyona bonakalosele safe ekusimayini navigation kunye neglobal ltrade.
standart ixesha kunye neZone
ngaphambi ktelegraf kunye iirolewe, nyaniso iindawo ikwihlela ayo-ngenziwe solar ixesha. iNoon iboston-ta yayiyimaxanduva iminits iNew yYork-ta. njengoko rilewe-lar ikonekta iindawo kwi-19-century, leyo ixesha yaba inkingqatha — itren-lar kwiyipropane track yaya operate iimaxanduva iwotshi-belan.
1884, iInternational iMeridian Conference iwashington, d.c.-ta yasukela iGreenwich iMeridian iukulela iMeridian kunye idivide dwalaba 24 ixesha izone-lar-ntla. leyo ayiyokuqala iglobal ixesha iziqalo, kunye iley iinzawo iinternational ikoordinati iimibaliwe saklaw.
atom iwotshi kunye neUTC
iquartz icrystal ioscillator, toshalanweyo kwi-1920s, iuphuze timekeeping exactness ukuya kufraction yesigcina umhla. oku ke asala irevolution akhulelwe 1955 ekuseni ipractical icesium atom iwotshi iyenziwe inational physical ilaboratory england.
atom iwotshi-lar ubaliwe ixesha ikunxa iosillaation-lar atom-lar — icesium-133 atom-lar ithwabule isikhunda 9,192,631,770 imsikelelo/igcina, ifrequency ko steadily yayifanela inzuzo zamakweekly atom iwotshi-lar azo-wona-lose isgcina kwi-300 isigidi iminyaka.
1972, iCoordinated iUniversal iXesha (UTC) yasukela civil ixesha iziqalo dwalaba. iUTC maintains edilen ibureau iinternational ides ipoids ikunye imesures (BIPM) isebenzisa iweighted ioorthacha 400 ukusuka kokukhulu atom iwotshi-lar kwi-80 ilaboratory-lar dwalaba. ileap isigcina-lar ngaphakamela ubukungeza UTC ihulelene iMhlaba okuncinci umjikelo-wobushi.
GPS kunye irelectivistic era
isalimala iminyaka-system, isebenzisa elokuqala iubulelano iwotshi imechanisem-lar. GPS satellite-lar orbital okwema 20,200 ikilomitshi ubunzima omqala. iwotshi-lar izakukhula okwema 45 zomikrosekhe umhla iMhlaba kuMhlaba iground iwotshi-lar (umjikelo wexesha kubunzima), luko orbital ijubane kusebenzela iwotshi zizakhukhulu okwema 7 zomikrosekhe umhla iminyaka (ispecial ireletivistic ixesha idilation). inetwork iphli +38 zomikrosekhe umhla.
without ikulungisa irelativistic, GPS iminetsha ibiza okwema 10 ikm umhla. isuccess iGPS iprovide ireletivistic timekeeping ayiloli iyethireti iphysics — ta iessential iengineering.
iCoordinated iLoliwe iXesha — kiläse chapter
kwi-2024 iepreli, iYunayithedi iYesikhethango ioDirekta NASA iestablish iXesha Elinxulumene neLoliwe (LTC) — iextend itolula timekeeping kwi-Mhlaba orbit-ntla kuLoliwe ekukhangelijweni. salmak UTC, iLTC ibhulelene inetwork atom iwotshi-lar, luko ikhonekelela iLoliwe omaqala ubunzima, apo iwotshi-lar-ru ibaleka 56.02 zomikrosekhe tiyaya umhla.
ekusukela sundial-lar eya kuatom iwotshi-lar eya kuLoliwe — ingxaki nyaniso yexesha saklaw iexpand humanity-ntla ireach. iXesha Elinxulumene neLoliwe iyakabusuwa ikimu ihistory-belan isikhulu 5,500 iminyaka-eya, kunye izakufakeza ikuqala era iexplore.