Kei te wā i oti ai te tatauranga me ngā paearu mō te whakaūnga o tētahi marama te whakautu poto. Ko te rārangi o te tau 2023 tētahi tirohanga whai rā e whai take ana: e 285 ngā āmiorangi tūturu e mōhiotia ana i taua wā, e huri ana i ngā aorangi e waru. Ehara te nuinga i te mea he momo iti noa o te Marama o te Ao. He whānui te rahi, mai i ngā ahanoa ririki, kōhikohiko ki ngā ao nui ake i a Mercury, ā, he tino rerekē ngā āhua whenua me ngā hītori. I te mea e kitea tonutia ana, e whakaūngia tonutia ana e ngā mātai arorangi ngā marama ririki, ka tere te whakapohehe o tētahi tapeke kāore ōna rā.
He tatauranga nō te tau 2023, aorangi mā, aorangi mā
I taua tirohanga o te tau 2023, kāore a Mercury me Venus i whai marama i mōhiotia. Kotahi tā Earth, e rua tā Mars, e 95 tā Jupiter, e 146 tā Saturn, e 27 tā Uranus, ā, e 14 tā Neptune. Huihuia aua tatauranga, ka 285 te tapeke. Tata ki te katoa nō ngā aorangi nunui: e 282 ngā marama e mōhiotia ana i a Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus me Neptune, ā, e toru i ngā aorangi o roto.
He tatauranga rārangi ēnei, ehara i te kī he tau pūmau, whakamutunga tō ia aorangi mō ōna marama. Ka panoni ngā tatauranga ina kitea e ngā kitenga ngā ahanoa pōuri, ina whakatauria te āmionga mā ngā rangahau whai muri, ina arotakengia anō rānei te tūnga o tētahi ahanoa. Ka rerekē anō pea ngā rārangi i runga i ngā rā kati, i ngā paearu rānei mō te whakaūnga o tētahi marama. Nō reira, ko te tikanga pai ake o te tapeke, ko “ngā marama i mōhiotia, i tatauhia i tēnei rārangi whai rā”, kaua ko te maha o ngā marama katoa e tū ana.
He whakamārama ā-tinana tō tēnei rerekētanga nui. He nui ake te papatipu o ngā aorangi nunui i tō Earth, ā, he nui ake te kaha ki te pupuri ahanoa kia huri āmionga; kei ō rātou takiwā o waho anō hoki ngā rōpū marama ririki. He maha he āhua kōhikohiko, ā, he tawhiti, he honga rānei ō rātou ara. Ehara te nui o ngā marama i te tohu he ōrite katoa ki te mea kanapa, porowhita ka kitea mai i Earth.
Ka panoni te āwhata i ngā marama nui rawa
He ao motuhake ngā marama nui rawa. Ko Ganymede o Jupiter te marama nui rawa o te Pūnaha Ā-Rā, ā, tata ki te 5,268 kiromita tōna whānui. He nui ake tōna whānui i tō Mercury, e tata ana ki te 4,879 kiromita. He mea miharo pea tēnei whakatauritenga, nā te mea he aorangi a Mercury, he āmiorangi a Ganymede; ko te tinana ake te mea nui mō te rahi, kaua ko tōna whakarōpūtanga, ko te mea rānei e huri āmionga ana ia.
Kei muri tata ko Titan o Saturn, e tata ana ki te 5,150 kiromita te whānui. He kōhauhau matotoru tōna, ā, he roto, he moana hoki o ngā waiwaro wai i tōna mata. He nui ake a Ganymede rāua ko Titan i te Marama o te Ao, e tata ana ki te 3,475 kiromita tōna whānui. Nō reira, kāore te hoa o te Ao e pātata ki te tihi o te rārangi rahi, ahakoa tōna mana nui i tō tātou rangi pō me tōna pānga ki ngā maramataka, ngā tai me te tūhura a te tangata.
Kāore te rahi anake e whakaatu i te katoa o te kōrero. He iti ake a Io o Jupiter i te Marama o te Ao, engari he tino kaha tōna mahi puia. He ao hukapapa a Europa, he iti ake anō hoki, ā, he kaupapa rangahau nui tōna mata me tōna roto. He papa autō tō Ganymede. E whakaatu ana ēnei rerekētanga, he tīmatanga whai hua noa iho te kōrero mō “ngā marama nui rawa”, ehara i te whakarārangi i te hiranga pūtaiao. Mō te āhua o te tūhonotanga o ngā marama me ngā aorangi ki te pūnaha whānui, e whakaaturia ana ngā tūranga aorangi o nāianei i te mahere pāhekoheko o te pūnaha ā-Rā o te pae tukutuku.
He pūnaha kikī a Jupiter rāua ko Saturn
He maha ngā wā ka whakarōpūhia ngā marama nui e whā o Jupiter—Io, Europa, Ganymede me Callisto—hei marama Kariri, i runga i ngā kitenga a Galileo Galilei i te tau 1610. He nui aua marama kia tū motuhake ai ō rātou āhuatanga: ko te mata puia o Io, te hukapapa o Europa, te rahi o Ganymede me te mata rua nui o Callisto ngā tohu rerekē e whā o taua pūnaha aorangi kotahi. He tokoiti noa iho ēnei i roto i te rārangi whānui ake o ngā āmiorangi a Jupiter e mōhiotia ana.
I te tirohanga o te tau 2023, nui ake te tatauranga a Saturn, engari ehara te tūnga tuatahi ā-tau i te tohu he nui katoa ōna marama. He nui ngā āmiorangi ririki kei roto i te tapeke, tae atu ki ngā ahanoa e pā ana ki ngā mowhiti me ngā rōpū marama. Kei a Saturn anō a Titan, he ao nui whakaharahara, he kōhauhau mātotoru tōna, me Enceladus, he marama hukapapa ririki ake e mōhiotia ana mō ngā matū e pupū ake ana i tōna takiwā tonga-pou. Ka tatau te rārangi i ia marama kua whakaūngia hei tūemi kotahi; kāore e whakaatu i tōna rahi, i tōna hohe, i tōna hiranga pūtaiao rānei.
Ngā marama tawhiti me te hoa tata o te Ao
He tini ngā marama ka tāpirihia e Uranus rāua ko Neptune ki te rārangi aorangi, tae atu ki ētahi marama nui me te tini o ngā āmiorangi ririki. He mea whakamīharo a Triton o Neptune nā te mea ka huri āmionga ia ki te ahunga kē atu i te takahuritanga o Neptune. Ko taua ara rerekē tētahi take i whakaaro ai ngā kaipūtaiao tērā pea i hopukina a Triton, tēnā i hua mai i tōna āmionga o nāianei i te taha o Neptune. He iti rawa ngā marama matua o Uranus i a Ganymede rāua ko Titan, engari he momo tinana hukapapa, kōhatu hoki kei roto.
He āhua iti te tūranga o te Marama o te Ao i te tatauranga aorangi mā, aorangi mā, engari he tino whakahirahira tōna hononga ki te Ao. He nui tōna rahi ki te whakatauritea ki tōna aorangi, ā, he tata rawa kia kitea ai hei ahanoa kanapa, whai kiko hoki ki te karu tahanga. Ka hua ake ōna āhua rerekē i te whakamārama a te Rā i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te haurua o te Marama e anga atu ana ki te Ao. Mā te ar guía mō ngā āhua o te Marama e whakamārama taua āhuahanga; kei te maramataka āhua Marama ngā wā tika o ngā āhua i ia marama.
He aha ngā kōrero ka taea—kāore hoki e taea—te tiki mai i te tatauranga marama
He whakaahua o ngā kitenga me ngā whakarōpūtanga te tapeke marama o tētahi aorangi, pērā anō i te whakaahua o tōna taiao. He uaua ake te kite i ngā marama ririki, tawhiti i ngā marama nui, ā, me nui ngā kitenga o tētahi ahanoa kātahi anō ka kitea, kia mōhiotia ai e whai ana ia i tētahi āmionga pūmau. Koia te take me whai rā ngā ripanga tatauranga kua taunga nei tātou, ā, ka rerekē pea tētahi rārangi hou ake, ahakoa kāore anō kia panoni ohorere ngā pūnaha aorangi ake.
Mō te whakarite mātakitaki, he iti ake te whaihua o te tatauranga i tētahi tirohanga ā-rohe ki te Marama. Ka hāngai tōna āhua, tōna wā ka ara ake, me tōna tūranga ki te rā me te wāhi; hei tauira, kei te papatohu Marama o New York City ngā kōrero mō te āhua me te whakamāramatanga, tae atu ki te aranga me te tōnga o te Marama, tōna teitei, tōna ahimutu, tōna tawhiti, me tētahi tirohanga ki te rangi me te huarere ā-rohe. Ka whakautu te tapeke o te pūnaha ā-Rā i te pātai mō te maha o ngā marama i tatauhia i tētahi rārangi ake. He kōrero kē tā te titiro whakarunga: ko tēhea kei runga ake i tō pae pae i tēnei pō.