INyanga yoMhlaba imalunga nekota yobubanzi boMhlaba. Oko kusenokuvakala kuyinto eqhelekileyo de uthelekise ezinye iiplanethi neesathelayithi zazo: neenyanga ezinkulu zikaJupiter noSaturn zincinane xa zithelekiswa nobubanzi beeplanethi zazo. Kwiiplanethi ezisibhozo, uMhlaba unenyanga enkulu ngokuthelekiswa nobukhulu beplanethi eyisingathileyo.
Lo mahluko unezinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. INyanga yethu ayisosathelayithi inkulu ngobukhulu obupheleleyo, yaye uMhlaba neNyanga ayisosibini esilingana kakhulu ukuba kubalwa neeplanethi ezincinci. Iqabane likaPluto, uCharon, likhulu kakhulu xa lithelekiswa neplanethi yalo. Ngoko ke, umbuzo onomdla awupheleli nje ekubeni “Inkulu kangakanani iNyanga?” kodwa uthi “Inkulu xa ithelekiswa nantoni?”
Umlinganiselo uguqula lo mbuzo ube luthelekiso oluluncedo. Ukwanceda ukwahlula iingcamango ezintathu ezidla ngokubhidaniswa: ubungakanani bomzimba, ukubaluleka komxhuzulane, nobungakanani obubonakala esibhakabhakeni. Imephu esebenzisanayo yenkqubo yelanga ibonisa iindawo ezikuzo ngoku iiplanethi; olu thelekiso lungezantsi luchaza enye inkalo yale nkqubo—indlela obahluke ngayo ubungakanani beeplanethi nobeenyanga zazo.
INyanga ingaphezulu kwekota yobubanzi boMhlaba
Iradiyasi yeNyanga yi-1,737.4 km. Xa kusetyenziswa iradiyasi ephakathi yoMhlaba emalunga ne-6,371 km, ukwahlula iradiyasi yeNyanga ngale yoMhlaba kunika malunga ne-0.273. Ngamanye amazwi, iNyanga imalunga ne-27.3% yobubanzi boMhlaba. Lo mlinganiselo uyafana nokuba kusetyenziswa iiradiyasi okanye ububanzi, kuba ukuphinda kabini zombini ezi milinganiselo akuyitshintshi indlela ezilinganayo ngayo.
Khawucinge ngoMhlaba njengebhola enobubanzi obuyi-30 cm. Ngolo bungakanani, iNyanga ibinokuba malunga ne-8.2 cm ububanzi: ingafana neorenji enkulu kunokuba ibe lilitye elincinane. Eli liqabane elikhulu ngokumangalisayo. Kodwa lo mzekelo ukwadiza impazamo eqhelekileyo kwimifanekiso. Kumgama ophakathi woMhlaba neNyanga oyi-384,400 km, amaziko ezi bhola ebeya kuba malunga ne-9.1 yeemitha ukuqelelana. Umfanekiso ozibonisa ziphantse zachukumisana usenokubonisa ubungakanani bazo ngokuthelekisana, kodwa ucinezele kakhulu isithuba esingenanto esiphakathi kwazo.
Ububanzi asikuphela kwendlela yokulinganisa ubudlelwane bazo. INyanga inobunzima obumalunga nesinye kwisibhozo ananye sobunzima boMhlaba, okanye malunga ne-1.2%, hayi i-27.3%. Umthamo ukhula ngokwekhubhu yobubanzi: into enobubanzi obuyi-0.273 bobunye inokuba nomthamo oyi-0.020 kuphela xa ithelekiswa nayo, ukuba imilo iyafana. Oko kumalunga ne-2%.
Umahluko oseleyo ubangelwa kukuxinana. INyanga ayixinananga njengoMhlaba ngokomndilili, kuba umbindi omkhulu woMhlaba, ozele yintsimbi, unegalelo elikhulu kubunzima bawo. Ngoko ke, inyanga inokubonakala inkulu kakhulu ecaleni kweplanethi yayo ingabi liqabane elilingana nayo kumxhuzulane. Kubalulekile ukwahlula ububanzi kubunzima xa kuxoxwa ngokuba uMhlaba neNyanga zifana na neeplanethi ezimbini.
Iinyanga ezinkulu zinokuba ngamaqabane amancinci
IGanymede kaJupiter yeyona nyanga inkulu kwiNkqubo Yelanga, inobubanzi obumalunga ne-5,268 km. Ilandelwa yiTitan kaSaturn, enobubanzi obumalunga ne-5,149 km. Zombini zibanzi kuneMercury, yaye zibanzi kakhulu kuneNyanga yethu, enobubanzi obuyi-3,474.8 km. Kodwa akukho nanye kuzo eyenza iplanethi eyisingathileyo ibonakale incinane.
Xa kusetyenziswa ububanzi obuphakathi, iGanymede imalunga ne-3.8% yobubanzi bukaJupiter kuphela. ITitan imalunga ne-4.4% yobubanzi bukaSaturn. Ngoko ke umlinganiselo woMhlaba oyi-27.3% ungaphezu kokuphindwe kathandathu kunayo nayiphi na kwezo zimbini. Oku akuthethi ukuba iNyanga yethu inkulu ngokuphindwe kathandathu; kuthetha ukuba ubungakanani bayo xa buthelekiswa neplanethi yayo bungaphezu kokuphindwe kathandathu.
INeptune inika olunye uthelekiso oluluncedo. Eyona nyanga yayo inkulu, iTriton, imalunga ne-5.5% yobubanzi beNeptune. Lo ngumlinganiselo omkhulu kunoweGanymede okanye oweTitan, kodwa usezantsi kakhulu kunowenkqubo yoMhlaba neNyanga. IMars ikwelinye icala: iinyanga zayo ezimbini ezincinane nezinemilo engaqhelekanga zincinane kakhulu xa zithelekiswa neplanethi.
Olu thelekiso luchaza ukuba kutheni ukubeka iinyanga ngokobubanzi kungawuphenduli umbuzo wokuba yeyiphi inkqubo yeeplanethi eneqabane elibalaseleyo. INyanga yethu ikwindawo yesihlanu ngobukhulu bomzimba phakathi kweenyanga zeNkqubo Yelanga, kodwa ikwindawo yokuqala xa ithelekiswa neplanethi eyisingathileyo phakathi kweeplanethi ezisibhozo. Ukuze ufumane uluhlu olubanzi lweesathelayithi, bona isikhokelo seenyanga zeNkqubo Yelanga; umahluko obalulekileyo apha ngowokwahlula udidi olusekelwe kubungakanani obupheleleyo kumlinganiselo.
Ngaba loo nto ithetha ukuba uMhlaba neNyanga ziiplanethi ezimbini?
Igama elithi “iplanethi ephindwe kabini” liyathandeka, kodwa alikabi nayo inkcazelo esemthethweni eyamkelwa ngumntu wonke. Olunye uvavanyo olucetywayo lujonga apho likhoyo iziko eliqhelekileyo lobunzima bemizimba emibini. Yomibini le mizimba ijikeleza kweli ziko, elibizwa ngokuba yi-barycenter; umzimba omncinane awujikelezi nje umzimba omkhulu omi ngxi ngokupheleleyo.
Kwinkqubo yoMhlaba neNyanga, ibarycenter ingaphakathi eMhlabeni. Ungaqikelela indawo ekuyo usebenzisa umlinganiselo wobunzima. Ukuba uMhlaba unobunzima obumalunga nokuphindwe ka-81 kunobo beNyanga, ibarycenter ikumgama omalunga nesinye kwisibhozo anesibini somgama ophakathi kwamaziko, ukusuka kumbindi woMhlaba. Xa kusetyenziswa umgama ophakathi ozi-384,400 km, loo nto imalunga ne-4,700 km. Lo mgama ungaphantsi kweradiyasi yoMhlaba emalunga ne-6,371 km, ngoko ke kule ndlela yokubala yenziwe lula, eli ziko limalunga ne-1,700 km ngaphantsi komphezulu woMhlaba.
Ngoku thelekisa uPluto noCharon. UCharon umalunga nesiqingatha sobubanzi bukaPluto, yaye unobunzima obumalunga nesinye kwisibhozo sobukaPluto. Ibarycenter yabo ingaphandle kukaPluto, nto leyo ebenza babe ngumzekelo ongcono kakhulu wezibini ezijikeleza iziko elinye. UPluto uthathwa njengeplanethi encinci, ngoko ke oku akuwutshitshisi umahluko woMhlaba phakathi kweeplanethi ezisibhozo.
Uvavanyo lwebarycenter luluncedo, kodwa alungomgaqo opheleleyo wokuhlela. Indawo yayo ixhomekeke kumgama nakubunzima: ukuba uyawohlukanisa ngakumbi kwaloo mizimba mibini, ibarycenter iya kude ngakumbi kwiziko ngalinye. Ngoko ke, ukuba eli ziko lingaphandle komzimba omkhulu, loo nto iyodwa ayiqinisekisi ukuba le nkqubo iza kwamkelwa ngumntu wonke njenge “planethi ephindwe kabini”. Ngokwesiqhelo, uMhlaba uhlala uyiplanethi, iNyanga yona isisathelayithi yawo yendalo, nangona ububanzi beNyanga bungaqhelekanga xa buthelekiswa nobukaMhlaba.
Isalathiso sendlela eyabunjwa ngayo iNyanga
Ubungakanani obukhulu beNyanga yenye yezinto ezininzi ekufuneka ichazwe yingcamango yemvelaphi yayo. Eyona ngcaciso ixhaswa kakhulu yileyo yongquzulwano olukhulu: ekuqaleni kwembali yoMhlaba, ungquzulwano olukhulu lwathumela izinto ezijikeleza uMhlaba, yaza iNyanga yakheka kolo daka lwalujikeleza. Ingcamango ngokubanzi ixhaswa bubungqina obuninzi, kodwa iinkcukacha zongquzulwano nophuhliso olwalandelayo zisaphandwa.
Ubungakanani bodwa abubobungqina obuqinisekisa loo ngcaciso. Izazinzulu zikwajonga umfutho ojikeleze i-axis wale nkqubo, umbindi wentsimbi weNyanga omncinane ngokuthelekisayo, kunye nokufana kweekhemikhali nee-isotopu zezinto ezisemhlabeni nezasenyangeni. Ingcaciso eyimpumelelo kufuneka ikwazi ukuzichaza kunye ezi zinto zifunyenweyo, inganeli nje kukuvelisa isathelayithi enkulu kumfuziselo wekhompyutha.
Oku kwahlukile kwingcaciso ngokubanzi yeenyanga ezinkulu nezinemijikelo ezinzileyo zeeplanethi ezinkulu. Kucingelwa ukuba ezo nyanga zakheka kwiidiski zerhasi nezinto eziqinileyo ezazijikeleze iiplanethi ezazisakhula. Iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokwakheka zinokuvelisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo phakathi kweplanethi namaqabane ayo. Akukho mfuneko yokuba yonke inkqubo yeeplanethi ibe ngumfanekiso omncinane wezinye.
Kubalulekile ukwahlula ukwakheka nophuhliso olwalandelayo. Ukudibana kwamaza omxhuzulane kuye kwayitshintsha inkqubo yoMhlaba neNyanga ngokuhamba kwexesha, yaye iNyanga iya isuka eMhlabeni ngesantya esimalunga ne-3.8 cm ngonyaka. Oko kutshintsha umgama ophakathi kwazo, hayi umlinganiselo wobubanzi bazo. Ezi ntsebenziswano zikwanceda ukuchaza indlela ezidityaniswe ngayo iintshukumo zazo zokujikeleza kwi-orbit nakwi-axis yazo, njengoko kucacisiwe kuisizathu sokuba sisoloko sibona icala elinye leNyanga.
Kutheni iqabane elikhulu lisabonakala lincinane esibhakabhakeni
Ubungakanani xa iNyanga ithelekiswa noMhlaba abufani nobukhulu obubonakala kumntu okuMhlabeni. Into ebalulekileyo xa uyijongile bububanzi beNyanga obahlulwe ngomgama ophakathi kwayo nawe. Xa kusetyenziswa ububanzi bayo obuyi-3,474.8 km nomgama ophakathi wamaziko oMhlaba neNyanga oyi-384,400 km, kubalwa ukuba ububanzi bayo obubonakalayo esibhakabhakeni bumalunga ne-0.52 degrees. Olu luqikelelo oluluncedo nolurhabaxa, alulosibikezelo oluchanekileyo lwendawo ethile yokuyibukela.
Yiloo nto iqabane elingaphezu kwekota yobubanzi boMhlaba linokuthatha indawo encinane esibhakabhakeni. Isithuba esiphakathi kwale mizimba sikhulu kakhulu xa sithelekiswa nobubanzi bomzimba ngamnye. Ukuba iNyanga ibinokuba kude ngakumbi, ibiya kubonakala incinane ingatshintshanga ngobukhulu bayo bokwenene, okanye ilahlekelwe ngumlinganiselo wayo omkhulu xa ithelekiswa noMhlaba.
Lo mahluko unokusetyenziswa ukujonga iifoto zeNyanga. Iifoto ezithathwe ngobude obahlukeneyo be-lens, ezisikiweyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, okanye ezinezinto zangaphambili ezibekwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo azinakubonisa ukuba ubungakanani bokwenene beNyanga butshintshile. Ukuze uthelekise ububanzi obubonakalayo ngokunentsingiselo, kufuneka kusetyenziswe isikali somfanekiso esifanayo. Iideshibhodi zeNyanga zezixeko zibonelela ngomgama, ukuphakama ne-azimuth kunye nesigaba nokukhanya kwayo, nto leyo ekunika ulwazi oluluncedo xa ubhala phantsi oko ukubonileyo. Gcina indlela yokuseta ikhamera ingatshintshi, bhala phantsi umgama, uze uphonononge indlela obutshintsha ngayo ubungakanani obubonakalayo beNyanga ungabubhidanisi nombuzo obaluleke ngakumbi wokuba iqabane lethu likhulu kangakanani xa lithelekiswa noMhlaba.