Ucezu lweNyanga oluncane oluphansi esibhakabhakeni sakusihlwa lungaphawula ushintsho olukhulu ekhalendeni lamaSulumane: ukuqala kweRamadan, ukufika kwe-Eid al-Fitr, noma ukuqala kwenye inyanga elandela iNyanga. Kodwa lolu cezu lweNyanga alusilo nje uphawu lwesikhathi sasemkhathini olungabonwa yiwo wonke umuntu eMhlabeni ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukuthi lungabonakala yini kuncike ekumeni kweNyanga, endaweni akuyo obukelayo, esimweni somkhathi nasemithethweni elandelwa umphakathi.
Ikhalenda lamaSulumane, elibizwa nangokuthi ikhalenda leHijri, linezinyanga zeNyanga ezingu-12. Ngokungafani namakhalenda agcina izinyanga zawo zihambisana nezinkathi zonyaka, lona alifaki njalo enye inyanga ukuze lihambisane nonyaka weLanga. Ngakho izici ezimbili ezihlukene zithonya izinsuku zalo: ucezu lweNyanga lusiza ekunqumeni ukuqala kwenyanga, kuyilapho unyaka weNyanga omfushane uhambisa lezo zinyanga ezinkathini zonyaka. Isayensi yezinkanyezi ichaza isigqi esiyisisekelo, kodwa imikhuba yenkolo neyokuphatha iyona enquma ukuthi leso sigqi siguqulwa kanjani sibe ikhalenda.
INyanga entsha ayilona ucezu lokuqala olubonakalayo
Kusayensi yezinkanyezi, iNyanga entsha yisikhathi sokuhlangana, lapho iLanga neNyanga ziba nobude obufanayo ku-ecliptic njengoba kubonakala eMhlabeni. Ngalesi sikhathi sokusondelana kwazo, uhlangothi lweNyanga olukhanyiswe iLanga lubheke kude kakhulu nathi. INyanga ibonakala futhi iseduze neLanga esibhakabhakeni, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu noma kungenzeki nhlobo ukuhlukanisa unqenqema lwayo olukhanyiswe kancane.
Ucezu lweNyanga olusetshenziselwa ukuqala inyanga yamaSulumane luwumcimbi ohlukile: iNyanga esencane eqala ukukhula ibonakala ngemva kokuhlangana, ngokuvamile ifunwa esibhakabhakeni esisentshonalanga ngemva kokushona kweLanga. Lolu cezu lweNyanga luvame ukubizwa ngokuthi hilal. Isikhathi sokuhlangana sibalwa ngokunembile futhi siyefana emhlabeni wonke; ukubonakala kocezu lweNyanga kuyisimo sokuyibona endaweni ethile, esenzeka ngemva kwalokho.
Lo mehluko ubalulekile lapho ufunda ikhalenda lezigaba zeNyanga elinezikhathi eziqondile zeNyanga entsha. Isikhathi seNyanga entsha esibaliwe asisho ukuthi ucezu lweNyanga luzobonakala ngalobo busuku, futhi sona sodwa asinqumi usuku lokuqala lwenyanga yenkolo. Isikhathi esimaphakathi esiphakathi kweNyanga entsha eyodwa nelandelayo siyizinsuku ezingu-29.53059. Izinyanga zekhalenda kufanele zibe nenani eliphelele lezinsuku, ngakho izinyanga zamaSulumane ziba nezinsuku ezingu-29 noma ezingu-30, hhayi inani eliyingxenyana yezinsuku.
Kungani kunzima ukubona olunye ucezu lweNyanga olusencane
Isikhathi esidlulile kusukela ekuhlanganeni, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi iminyaka yeNyanga, sichaza ingxenye nje yezinto ezithinta ukubonakala kwayo. Njengoba iNyanga ihamba iye ngasempumalanga uma iqhathaniswa neLanga, ubuso bayo obukhanyiswe yiLanga buyanda ukubonakala futhi ibanga elibonakala liphakathi kwayo neLanga liyakhula. Kodwa obukelayo udinga nokuthi lolo cezu lweNyanga lubonakale ngokucacile ngokwanele ngaphezu komkhathizwe ngesikhathi isibhakabhaka sakusihlwa siba mnyama.
I-engeli yendlela yeNyanga uma iqhathaniswa nomkhathizwe yenza umehluko omkhulu. Ngesinye isikhathi ucezu lweNyanga lungaba phezulu ngokwanele ngaphezu kwendawo okushona kuyo iLanga, kodwa kwesinye lube seduze kakhulu nomkhathizwe. I-latitude nenkathi yonyaka kuyayishintsha le geometry. Ngakho izingcezu zeNyanga ezimbili ezineminyaka ecishe ifane zingaba nezinselele ezihluke kakhulu zokuzibona, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kucatshangelwe amafu.
Kukhona nomncintiswano phakathi kokufiphala kokukhanya kokuhwalala nokwehla kweNyanga. Ngokushesha ngemva kokushona kweLanga, isibhakabhaka singaba sikhanya kakhulu; kamuva, ucezu lweNyanga lungase lushone enkungwini noma lube selishonile. Isikhathi esiphakathi kokushona kweLanga nokushona kweNyanga siyasiza, kodwa asiqinisekisi ukuthi iNyanga izobonakala. Uthuli, umswakama, amafu amancane, ukucaca komkhathi nolwazi lomuntu obukelayo konke kubalulekile. Awukho umkhawulo owodwa weminyaka yeNyanga oqinisekisa ukuthi izobonwa ngeso lenyama kuyo yonke indawo.
Umngcele wakusihlwa nezinsuku zokuqala ezihlukene
Ekugcineni inkolo, usuku lwamaSulumane luqala ekushoneni kweLanga, hhayi phakathi kwamabili. Ngakho ubusuku obuqala usuku lokuqala lweRamadan bufika ngaphambi kokuzila kwalolo suku kusukela ekuseni kuze kuyoshona iLanga. Ngokufanayo, isimemezelo esenziwa ngemva kokubukwa kocezu lweNyanga kusihlwa sikhuluma ngosuku oseluqalile ngokwendlela yokubala eqala ekushoneni kweLanga, nakuba usuku ekhalendeni lomphakathi lungashintshi kuze kube phakathi kwamabili.
Emkhubeni ovame ukulandelwa wokubona ucezu lweNyanga, ababukeli balufuna ngemva kokushona kweLanga ngosuku lwama-29 lwenyanga ephelayo. Uma ukubonakala kwalo kwamukelwa njengokuqinisekisa ukuqala kwenyanga entsha, leyo nyanga iqala ngalobo busuku. Uma lungabonakali, inyanga ephelayo iqedwa ibe nezinsuku ezingu-30. Izimfuneko eziqondile zokwamukela ubufakazi nokusebenzisa lo mthetho ziyehluka phakathi kweziphathimandla.
Imiphakathi ingase yehluke nangokuthi ukubonwa endaweni ethile kubalwa kuyiphi indawo. Eminye isebenzisa ukubonwa kwendawo noma kwesifunda; eminye yamukela ukubonwa okuvela kude ngokwemithetho eyamukele. Ingase futhi yehluke ngokuthi iyakuvumela yini ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okubona noma ngokubaluleka ekunikeza izibalo. Ngakho izinsuku zokuqala ezihlukene azisho ngempela ukuthi kukhona obale iNyanga ngokungalungile. Amaqembu angasebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene ezimweni ezihlukene zokubuka.
Kungani iRamadan idlula ezinkathini zonyaka
Ukushintsha kwayo kwezinkathi zonyaka kulandela ngokuqondile izibalo zekhalenda. Uma kusetshenziswa umjikelezo omaphakathi weNyanga, u-12 × 29.53059 ulingana no-354.36708 days. Iminyaka yangempela yekhalenda lamaSulumane iba nezinsuku eziphelele ezingu-354 noma ezingu-355, kuye ngokulandelana kwezinyanga zayo nangendlela yekhalenda esetshenziswayo. Kunoma yikuphi, imifushane kunonyaka weLanga, onezinsuku ezingaba ngu-365¼.
Umehluko ucishe ube yizinsuku ezingu-11 ngonyaka weLanga ngamunye. Ngenxa yalokho, iRamadan ngokuvamile iqala cishe ezinsukwini ezingu-10 noma ezingu-11 ngaphambi kwalokho ekhalendeni likaGregory njalo uma ibuya. Cishe phakathi neminyaka engu-33 yeLanga, idlula kuwo wonke umjikelezo wezinkathi zonyaka. Lokhu kuhamba kwenzeka kancane kancane, akulona ushintsho oluzumayo: iRamadan eyenzeka ehlobo ilandelwa enye eqala ngaphambi kancane ekhalendeni leLanga.
Isizathu ukuthi alukho ushintsho olulungisa ikhalenda ngokufaka inyanga eyengeziwe. Amakhalenda alandela iNyanga neLanga afaka inyanga eyengeziwe eminyakeni ethile ukuze agcine izinyanga zawo ziseduze nezinkathi ezithile zonyaka; ikhalenda lenkolo lamaSulumane alikwenzi lokho. Izinyanga zalo zihlala ziboshelwe eNyangeni.
Lokhu kunomphumela ngokwendawo. Uma iRamadan iba sehlobo eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, iba sebusika eNingizimu Nenkabazwe. Ngakho le nyanga enegama elifanayo ingasho ukuzila kwesikhathi eside sokukhanya kwasemini kwesinye isifunda, nesikhathi esifushane kwesinye. Inyanga yeNyanga inendawo engashintshi ekulandeleni kwezinyanga ekhalendeni, kodwa ayinayo inkathi yonyaka ehlala injalo.
Amakhalenda asekelwe ekuboneni nasekubaleni
Inkulumo ethi “ikhalenda lamaSulumane” ingabhekisela ezindleleni eziningana zokubeka izinsuku esakhiweni esifanayo sezinyanga ezingu-12. Izindlela zokubuka zincike ekubonakaleni kocezu lweNyanga okwamukelwayo. Ezinye izindlela zisebenzisa izibalo zesayensi yezinkanyezi, ngezinye izikhathi zibikezela ukuthi ucezu lweNyanga kufanele lubonakale yini, kanti ngezinye izikhathi zisebenzisa umthetho othile ophathelene nokuhlangana, ukushona kweLanga noma ukushona kweNyanga. Lezi zindlela azifani zonke.
Ikhalenda lamaSulumane elisebenzisa itafula lezibalo lisebenzisa enye indlela: lilandela iphethini yezibalo yobude bezinyanga nezinsuku ezengeziwe, kunokuba inyanga ngayinye inqunywe ngokubukwa okusha. Amakhalenda anjalo ayasiza ekuguquleni izinsuku nasekucwaningeni ngomlando, kodwa usuku olutholwe ngokuguqula alufani ngokuzenzakalelayo nosuku olwabonwa umphakathi othile. Amarekhodi omlando nawo angase angacaci kahle ngendawo noma indlela yokubala eyasetshenziswa.
Akudingeki ukuthi izibalo nokubuka kuthathwe njengezinto eziphikisanayo. Izibalo zesayensi yezinkanyezi zinganquma ukuthi iNyanga kufanele ibe kuphi futhi zisize ekuhloleni umbiko wokuthi yabonwa. Umbuzo wenkolo uthi yibuphi ubufakazi obamukelwa yisiphathimandla njengobanele ukuqala inyanga.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, usuku lweHijri olusemkhankasweni wekhalenda, imephu ebikezela ukubonakala kweNyanga nesimemezelo somphakathi kuphendula imibuzo ehlobene kodwa engafani. Ngaphambi kokuziqhathanisa, thola ukuthi ngayinye imele ukuguqulwa kwezibalo, umbandela wesayensi yezinkanyezi noma ukubonwa okwamukelwayo.
Ukuhlela ukubuka ucezu lweNyanga ngaphandle kokwenza izimangalo ezeqile
Qala ngendawo ozobukela kuyo kunokusebenzisa uphawu olujwayelekile lwesigaba seNyanga. Sebenzisa ukusesha idolobha ukuze uthole imininingwane yeNyanga yendawo yakho, uhlole isikhathi sokushona kweNyanga, ukuphakama kwayo, i-azimuth nokubuka kwesibhakabhaka kanye nesimo sezulu sendawo. Lokhu kusiza ukuphendula imibuzo ewusizo: kufanele ubheke ngakuphi, ingabe iNyanga ingaphezu komkhathizwe, futhi ingabe izimo zingayivimba ukuba ibonakale? Kodwa lokhu akusona isinqumo esisemthethweni sokuthi ucezu lweNyanga luzobonakala yini.
Ngokwesibonelo, ikhasi leNyanga laseLondon linikeza le mininingwane yokubuka yendawo yaseLondon. Akufanele ucabange ukuthi ukuma kweNyanga okuboniswa khona kuyasebenza nasedolobheni elikude. Indawo ekahle yokubuka inomkhathizwe ocacile ngasentshonalanga, lapho izakhiwo eziseduze noma amagquma engafihli khona isibhakabhaka esiphansi. Linda iLanga lize lishone ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokuqala ukufuna iNyanga, futhi ungalokothi ukhombe izibonakude noma isibonakude esikhulu ngaseLangeni.
Uma udinga incazelo yokuthi kungani ukuma kwengxenye ekhanyisiwe kushintsha, umhlahlandlela othi Izigaba zeNyanga uchaza lo mjikelezo. Uma ubika ukuthi uyibonile, bhala indawo okuyo, isikhathi sokuyibuka, izimo zesibhakabhaka nokuthi usebenzise amathuluzi okubona yini. Le mininingwane yenza umbiko wakho ube wusizo kakhulu kunesithombe esingenayo incazelo.
Okokugcina, hlukanisa ukubuka isibhakabhaka komuntu siqu nokunquma usuku lwenkolo. Ukungaphumeleli ukuzama ukubona ucezu lweNyanga kufakazela kuphela ukuthi awulubonanga ngaphansi kwalezo zimo. Uma ucabanga ukuthi ulubonile kancane, lokho kusadinga ukuhlolwa ngokwezinqubo zomphakathi ofanele. Ukuze wazi ukuqala kokuzila noma komkhosi, landela isimemezelo sesiphathimandla noma somphakathi omlandela ikhalenda yawo.