Tata ki te hauwhā te whānui o te Marama i tō te Ao. Tērā pea he āhua noa tēnei, kia whakatauritea rā anō ngā aorangi ki ō rātou marama: he hautanga iti noa iho o te whānui o ō rātou aorangi ngā marama nunui rawa o Hupita me Hātane. O ngā aorangi e waru, ko tō te Ao marama te mea nui rawa ina whakatauritea ki te rahi o tōna aorangi matua.
E rua ngā whakamārama e tika ana mō taua āhuatanga. Ehara tō tātou Marama i te marama nui rawa rawa, ā, ehara hoki te takirua Ao–Marama i te takirua tino ōrite ngā rahi mēnā ka whakaurua ngā aorangi papaka. He nui ake a Charon, te hoa o Pluto, ina whakatauritea ki tōna aorangi. Nō reira, ehara te pātai whakahirahira i te “He aha te rahi o te Marama?” noa iho, engari, “He nui ki te whakatauritea ki tēhea mea?”
Mā te ōwehenga e whai take ai taua whakataurite. Ka āwhina hoki tēnei ki te wehewehe i ngā whakaaro e toru e rangiruatia nuitia ana: te rahi ā-tinana, te hiranga ā-papa-kume, me te rahi āhua o tētahi mea i te rangi. E whakaatu ana te mahere pāhekoheko o te pūnaha Rā i ngā tūranga o ngā aorangi i tēnei wā; he āhuatanga kē o taua pūnaha tā ngā whakataurite kei raro nei e whakamārama ana—te rerekētanga o te rahi o ngā aorangi me ō rātou marama.
Nui ake te Marama i te hauwhā o te whānui o te Ao
E 1,737.4 km te pūtoro o te Marama. Ki te whakamahi i te pūtoro toharite o te Ao, arā, tata ki te 6,371 km, ka wehea te pūtoro o te Marama ki tō te Ao, ka puta ko te 0.273. Arā, tata ki te 27.3% te whānui o te Marama ina whakatauritea ki te diameter o te Ao. He ōrite tonu te ōwehenga mō te pūtoro me te diameter, nā te mea ka rearuatia ngā inenga e rua, kāore e rerekē te ōwehenga.
Whakaarohia te Ao he pōro 30 cm te whānui. I taua tauine, e 8.2 cm pea te whānui o te Marama: he rite ake ki te ārani nui i te kākano ririki. He hoa tino nui tēnei. Engari, ka kitea hoki i taua tauira tētahi hapa noa o ngā whakaahua whakamārama. I te tawhiti toharite o te 384,400 km i waenga i te Ao me te Marama, e 9.1 mita pea te tawhiti i waenga i ngā pokapū o ngā pōro e rua. Ki te whakaatu tētahi whakaahua i a rāua e tata pū ana, tērā pea e tika ana ngā rahi ā-whanaunga, engari kua tino whakaitia te mokowā kau i waenganui.
He kotahi noa iho te tikanga e taea ai te ine i te hononga nei, ko te diameter. Tata ki te 1/81 o te papatipu o te Ao tō te Marama, arā, 1.2% pea, ehara i te 27.3%. Ka piki te rōrahi e ai ki te pūtorutanga o te diameter: mēnā e 0.273 te whānui o tētahi mea ina whakatauritea ki tētahi atu, e 0.020 pea anake tōna rōrahi, ki te ōrite te āhua. Tata ki te 2% tēnā.
Nā te rerekētanga o te kiato te toenga o te rerekētanga. He iti ake te kiato toharite o te Marama i tō te Ao, nā te mea he nui te takoha a te uho whai-rino o te Ao ki tōna papatipu. Nō reira, ka āhua nui rawa tētahi marama ki te taha o tōna aorangi, ahakoa kāore rawa e ōrite te kaha o tō rāua pānga ā-papa-kume. He mea nui kia wehewehea te diameter me te papatipu ina kōrerohia mēnā he āhua rite te Ao me te Marama ki tētahi aorangi takirua.
He nui ake ētahi marama, engari he iti ake hei hoa mō ō rātou aorangi
Ko Ganymede o Hupita te marama nui rawa o te Pūnaha Rā, e 5,268 km pea tōna diameter. Ko Titan o Hātane te tuarua, e 5,149 km pea tōna diameter. He whānui ake rāua i a Mercury, ā, he whānui ake hoki i tō tātou Marama, e 3,474.8 km tōna diameter. Heoi, kāore rāua e whakaiti i te āhua nui o ō rāua aorangi matua.
Mā te whakamahi i ngā diameter toharite, e 3.8% pea anake te whānui o Ganymede ina whakatauritea ki a Hupita. E 4.4% pea te whānui o Titan ina whakatauritea ki a Hātane. Nō reira, neke atu i te 6 whakarea te ōwehenga 27.3% o te Ao i ēnei ōwehenga e rua. Ehara tēnei i te kī he 6 whakarea te rahi ake o tō tātou Marama; engari, neke atu i te 6 whakarea te nui ake o tōna rahi ā-whanaunga ki tōna ake aorangi.
He whakataurite whai take anō a Neptune. E 5.5% pea te diameter o Triton, tōna marama nui rawa, ina whakatauritea ki te diameter o Neptune. He nui ake tēnei ōwehenga i tō Ganymede, i tō Titan rānei, engari he iti tonu i tō te takirua Ao–Marama. Kei tērā pito kē a Mars: he iti rawa ōna marama e rua, he kōhikohiko te āhua, ina whakatauritea ki te aorangi.
Mā ēnei whakataurite e mārama ai te take kāore ngā rārangi whakaraupapa marama ā-diameter e whakautu i te pātai, ko tēhea pūnaha aorangi tōna hoa tino nui. Kei te tūranga tuarima tō tātou Marama i waenga i ngā marama o te Pūnaha Rā e ai ki te rahi ā-tinana, engari kei te tūranga tuatahi ina whakatauritea ki tōna aorangi matua, i waenga i ngā aorangi e waru. Mō te rārangi whānui o ngā marama, tirohia te arawhānui mō ngā marama o te Pūnaha Rā; ko te rerekētanga nui i konei, ko te rahi tūturu me te ōwehenga.
Nā konei rānei he aorangi takirua te Ao me te Marama?
He whakamārama ātaahua te “aorangi takirua”, engari kāore anō kia whakaaetia whānuitia he whakamāramatanga ōkawa mō taua kupu. E ai ki tētahi whakamātautau e whakaarohia ana, me tirotiro te wāhi e noho ai te pokapū papatipu ngātahi o ngā tinana e rua. Ka amio ngā tinana e rua i tēnei wāhi, e kīia nei ko te pokapū papatipu (barycenter); kāore te tinana iti e huri noa i tētahi tinana nui e tū pūmau ana.
Mō te Ao me te Marama, kei roto te pokapū papatipu i te Ao. Ka taea te whakatau tata i tōna tūranga mā te ōwehenga papatipu. Ki te 81 whakarea te papatipu o te Ao i tō te Marama, kei te 1/82 pea o te tawhiti i waenga i ngā pokapū o ngā tinana e rua te pokapū papatipu, mai i te pokapū o te Ao. Mā te whakamahi i te tawhiti toharite 384,400 km ka puta ko te 4,700 km pea. He iti iho tēnei i te pūtoro o te Ao, arā, tata ki te 6,371 km, nō reira kei te 1,700 km pea te hōhonutanga o taua wāhi i raro i te mata, e ai ki tēnei tātaitanga māmā.
Inaianei, whakatauritea a Pluto rāua ko Charon. Tata ki te haurua te whānui o Charon i tō Pluto, ā, tata ki te 1/8 tōna papatipu. Kei waho te pokapū papatipu i a Pluto, nō reira he tauira kaha ake rāua mō te takirua ā-rua. Kua whakarōpūtia a Pluto hei aorangi papaka, nō reira kāore tēnei e whakakore i te mana motuhake o te Ao i waenga i ngā aorangi e waru.
He whai take te whakamātautau pokapū papatipu, engari ehara i te ture whakarōpū katoa. Ka whakawhirinaki tōna tūranga ki te tawhiti me te papatipu: ki te whakatata kē atu ngā tinana e rua, ka neke atu te pokapū papatipu i ia pokapū. Nō reira, ki te noho tētahi wāhi ki waho i te tinana nui ake, ehara tēnā anake i te taunakitanga kua whakaaetia whānuitia he “aorangi takirua” rāua. E ai ki te tikanga, he aorangi tonu te Ao, ā, he amiorangi māori tōna te Marama, ahakoa he nui rawa tōna diameter ā-whanaunga.
He tohu mō te hanganga mai o te Marama
Ko te rahi nui o te Marama tētahi o ngā āhuatanga maha me whakamārama e tētahi ariā mō tōna takenga mai. Ko te whakamārama matua ko te tukinga nui: i te tīmatanga o te hītori o te Ao, nā tētahi tukinga nui i pana ngā matū ki te āmionga, ā, ka hua ake te Marama i ngā otaota e āmio ana. He kaha ngā taunakitanga mō te whakaaro whānui nei, engari kei te rangahaua tonutia ngā āhuatanga pū o te tukinga me ngā panonitanga i muri mai.
Ehara te rahi anake i te taunakitanga mō taua whakamārama. Ka whakaarohia hoki e ngā kaipūtaiao te torohaki koki o te pūnaha, te iti o te uho konganuku o te Marama, me ngā ōritenga matū, ōritenga kano-ihotopa hoki o ngā matū nō te Ao me te Marama. Me whakamārama tahi e tētahi ariā whaihua aua kitenga, kaua ko te waihanga noa i tētahi amiorangi nui i roto i tētahi whaihanga.
He rerekē tēnei i te whakamārama whānui mō ngā marama nui, āhua porowhita o ngā aorangi nunui: e ai ki te māramatanga o nāianei, i hua ake aua marama i roto i ngā kōpae hau me ngā matū mārō e karapoti ana i ō rātou aorangi e tipu haere ana. Mā ngā taiao hanganga rerekē e puta ai ngā ōwehenga rerekē i waenga i tētahi aorangi me ōna hoa. Kāore he take kia rite te āhua o ia pūnaha aorangi ki tētahi atu, engari kia iti ake, kia nui ake rānei.
Me wehewehe hoki te hanganga mai me ngā panonitanga o muri mai. Nā ngā pāhekoheko tai te pūnaha Ao–Marama i panoni i roto i te wā, ā, kei te tawhiti haere te Marama i te Ao, e 3.8 cm ia tau. Ka rerekē te tawhiti i waenganui i a rāua, engari kāore e rerekē te ōwehenga diameter. Mā aua pāhekoheko hoki e whakamārama te hononga tukutahi o ō rāua āmionga me ō rāua hurihanga, e kōrerohia ana i te tuhinga he aha i kitea tonutia ai te mata kotahi o te Marama.
He aha te take ka āhua iti tonu tētahi hoa nui i te rangi
Ehara te rahi ā-whanaunga ki te Ao i te mea kotahi ki te rahi āhua ki te titiro a tētahi kaititiro i te Ao. Ko te mea nui mō te āhua o te Marama i te rangi, ko tōna diameter kua wehea ki tōna tawhiti i a koe. Mā te whakamahi i tōna diameter 3,474.8 km me te tawhiti pokapū-ki-te-pokapū toharite 384,400 km i waenga i te Ao me te Marama, ka tata ki te 0.52 nekehanga te diameter koki. He whakatau tata pai tēnei, ehara i te matapae pū mō tētahi wāhi mātakitaki motuhake.
Koia te take ahakoa neke atu i te hauwhā te whānui o te Marama i tō te Ao, he wāhi iti noa iho o te rangi e kapi ana i a ia. He tino nui te mokowā i waenga i ngā tinana nei ina whakatauritea ki te diameter o ia tinana. Mēnā ka tawhiti atu te Marama, ka iti ake tōna āhua, engari kāore e iti iho tōna rahi ā-tinana, kāore hoki e heke tōna ōwehenga rahi nui rawa ki te Ao.
He huarahi whaihua tēnei hei tirotiro i ngā whakaahua o te Marama. Kāore e taea e ngā whakaahua i tangohia mā ngā roanga arotahi rerekē, ngā tapahanga rerekē, ngā whakaritenga papamua rerekē rānei te whakaatu kua panoni te rahi ā-tinana o te Marama. Kia whai take te whakataurite i te diameter āhua, me ōrite te tauine whakaahua. Kei ngā papatohu mō te Marama i ngā tāone ngā mōhiohio mō te tawhiti, te teitei me te ahimutu, hei tāpiri atu ki te āhua me te māramatanga, kia whai horopaki pai ai tō tuhi i ngā kitenga. Kia pūmau te whakaritenga o te kāmera, tuhia te tawhiti, ā, ka taea e koe te tūhura i te panoni o te rahi āhua o te Marama me te kore e rangirua ki te pātai hōhonu kē atu mō te nui o tō tātou hoa ina whakatauritea ki te Ao.